![]() Stroke was described by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1970 as a syndrome with “rapidly developing clinical signs of focal or global disturbance of cerebral function, lasting more than 24 h or leading to death, with no apparent cause other than of vascular origin”. In this review, we focused on recent upgrades of in vitro and in vivo stroke models for more accurate and effective evaluation of therapeutic strategies: from spheroids to organoids, in vitro models that include all brain cell types and allow high throughput drug screening, to advancements in in vivo preclinical mouse stroke models to mimic the clinical reality in surgical procedures, postsurgical care, and functional assessment. The success of new therapies relies on bringing preclinical studies and clinical practice close together, by including a functional outcome assessment similar to clinical reality. ![]() Recently, a brain-protective drug-nerinetide-reduced brain infarct and stroke mortality, and improved patients’ functional outcomes in clinical trials. The combination of pharmacological brain-protective strategies with reperfusion is the future of stroke therapy, aiming to reduce brain cell death and decrease patients’ disabilities. The last approach constitutes a breakthrough in the field, by extending the therapeutic window to 16–24 h after stroke onset and reducing stroke mortality. So far, approved therapies rely on reperfusion of the affected brain area, by intravenous thrombolysis or mechanical thrombectomy. Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death worldwide, mainly in western countries. ![]()
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